Nowadays,the gearbox is playing a more and more important role in our life.

Although the MS2 and its derivatives are common on Volvo engines up to about 200 hp, it's somewhat unusual in using a vertical shaft. A more widespread arrangement is the layshaft gearbox.

In this case, a small gear on the input shaft turns a larger gear on the layshaft. Like the gears on the vertical shaft of the MS2, this is free to spin around the layshaft, but can be locked on to it by a clutch. If the input shaft is turning clockwise and the clutch is engaged, the layshaft turns anticlockwise and more slowly. At the other end of the layshaft a smaller gear meshes with a large gear on the output shaft, driving the output shaft clockwise and even more slowly.

Astern gearbox is achieved by a second layshaft. Its very similar to the first, with two gearwheels, one of which has a clutch that can leave it free-spinning or lock it on to the shaft, while the other is constantly in mesh with the output shaft. The key feature about the second layshaft is that it is not driven directly by the input shaft, but by the first layshaft. This means that it's turning in the opposite direction - so if one clutch is released and the other engaged, the direction of the output shaft will be reversed.

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